The Use of Suboxone for Opiate Addiction

The Use of Suboxone for Opiate Addiction Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Treating Opiate Addiction With Suboxone Combination Drug Offers Advantages Over Methadone Therapy By Mark Cichocki, RN twitter linkedin Mark Cichocki, RN, is an HIV/AIDS nurse educator at the University of Michigan Health System for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Cichocki, RN Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 09, 2014 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 20, 2019 Pamela Moore / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Opiate addiction is a growing problem in the U.S. as evidenced by the 2015 outbreak of HIV in Indiana which was attributed to the abuse of the drug Oxycontin. In the face of a widening epidemic, a prescription drug called Suboxone (buprenorphine naloxone) is being increasingly used to treat opioid addiction. Understanding Opiates Opiates are a family of narcotic drug derived naturally or synthetically from the seed of the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). They function as sedatives to depress activity in the central nervous system, thereby reducing pain and inducing sleep. Long-term opiate use can result in increased tolerance to the drug. When this happens, the user would need to increase the dose to achieve the same effect. This can cause an increasing dependence which we have come to know as an addiction. In some cases, this can lead to accidental overdose and even death. Some of the most commonly abused opiates include: HeroinFentanylMorphineVicodin (hydrocodone)OxycontinOxycodoneCodeineMethadone Treating Opioid Addiction With Suboxone Suboxone is an oral prescription drug that was granted approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2002 to treat opioid addiction. Prescribed as either a sublingual tablet or film, it contains two active drugs: Buprenorphine, a partial opioid antagonist, which provides relief from craving and withdrawal symptoms by blocking opiate receptors in the brainNaloxone, an opiate antagonist, which blocks the effects of the opiate drug itself The combined use overcomes some of the shortcomings of the individual drugs. Buprenorphine, for example, has the potential to be addictive but is less so since the naloxone quashes the opiate effects. Naloxone, by contrast, works in the background as a deterrent, only taking effect when opiates are injected into the system. When this happens, naloxone can induce withdrawal symptoms including nausea, headache, sweating, restlessness, vomiting, and trembling. Effectiveness Suboxone has been found to be effective in that it reduces the cravings associated with long-term opiate use while providing deterrence to current use. Compared to methadone, Suboxone is less addictive and faster acting (taking around a week to detoxify compared to weeks or even months with methadone). Suboxone also seems to work better when used for longer periods of time. One study showed that opiate-dependent youth who used Suboxone for 12 weeks were more likely to remain abstinent compared to counterparts who had only undergone two-week detox treatment. How Its Prescribed Suboxone is prescribed as part of a structured drug detoxification program and for maintenance therapy when needed. It is available as a generic (under the brand names Bunavail and Zubsolve) and offered in various formulations to ensure the gradual tapering off of use: 12 mg buprenorphine with 3 mg naloxone8 mg buprenorphine with 2 mg naloxone4 mg buprenorphine with 1 mg naloxone2 mg buprenorphine with 0.5 mg naloxone Treatment Plans While approaches can vary depending on treatment centers, there are typically four steps to any Suboxone treatment plan: Intake which includes a medical and psychosocial evaluation, a urine drug screen, and blood tests to ensure that you can take the drug without harmInduction to transition you from the opiates you are currently on to Suboxone with the aim of minimizing cold turkey withdrawal symptomsStabilization where Suboxone is adjusted to the lowest dose to suppress withdrawal symptoms to allow for eventual tapering off and discontinuation of treatmentMaintenance for those with severe addiction who may need on-going, medically supervised treatment and support (including attendance at a Narcotics Anonymous or non-step support group) Considerations Suboxone should not be used in persons with moderate to severe liver dysfunction as the can lead to a worsening of symptoms. Common side effects include headache, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, constipation, symptoms of withdrawal, insomnia, pain, and the accumulation of fluids in the legs (peripheral edema). Suboxone does have the potential for misuse if injected. In such case, the relatively low dose of naloxone does not appear to mitigate the high achieved from the buprenorphine component. As such, Suboxone can only be prescribed under a doctor-supervised treatment or maintenance program. Because opioid addiction is both a physical and psychological illness, treatment requires a multidisciplinary team able to address both of those needs. If you feel you could benefit from Suboxone, contact the hospitals or mental health agencies in your area for referrals to nearby addiction treatment centers.

Traditional (School) Grammar Definition and Examples

The term traditional grammar  generally refers to the collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the structure of language that is commonly taught in schools. Traditional English grammar (also known as school grammar) is largely based on the principles of Latin grammar, not on current linguistic research in English. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: CodificationCorrectnessCurrent-Traditional RhetoricEnglish GrammarMake-Believe Grammar, by Gertrude BuckSentence DiagrammingTen Types of GrammarUsageWhat Are the Parts of Speech?What Is the Difference Between Grammar and Usage? Observations We say that traditional grammar is prescriptive because it focuses on the distinction between what some people do with language and what they ought to do with it, according to a pre-established standard. . . . The chief goal of traditional grammar, therefore, is perpetuating a historical model of what supposedly constitutes proper language.(James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Routledge, 2005)[G]rammarians of the 2000s are the inheritors of the distortions and limitations imposed on English by two centuries of a Latinate perspective.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)From Traditional Grammar to Sentence GrammarThe first English grammars were translations of Latin grammars that had been translations of Greek grammars in a tradition that was already some two-thousand years old. Furthermore, from the seventeenth century through the first half of the nineteenth century, there were no substantial changes made in th e form of English grammar books or in the way English grammar was taught. When people talk about traditional grammar, this is the tradition they mean, or ought to mean. . . .Traditional grammar began to be challenged around the middle of the [nineteenth] century, when the second major development in grammar teaching appeared. There is no very good name for this second development but we might call it sentence grammar. Whereas traditional grammar focused primarily on the word (hence its preoccupation with parts of speech), the new grammar of the 1850s focused on the sentence. . . . It began to emphasize the grammatical importance of word order and function words . . . in addition to the few inflexional endings in English.(John Algeo, Linguistics: Where Do We Go From Here? The English Journal, January 1969)George Hillocks on the Negative Effects of Teaching Traditional GrammarThe study of traditional school grammar (i.e., the definition of parts of speech, the parsing of sentences, et c.) has no effect on raising the quality of student writing. Every other focus of instruction examined in this review is stronger. Taught in certain ways, grammar and mechanics instruction has a deleterious effect on student writing. In some studies a heavy emphasis on mechanics and usage (e.g., marking every error) resulted in significant losses in overall quality. School boards, administrators, and teachers who impose the systematic study of traditional school grammar on their students over lengthy periods of time in the name of teaching writing do them a gross disservice that should not be tolerated by anyone concerned with the effective teaching of good writing. We need to learn how to teach standard usage and mechanics after careful analysis and with minimal grammar.(George Hillocks, Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching. National Council of Teachers, 1986)The Persistence of Traditional GrammarWhy do the media cling to traditional grammar and its sometime s outdated rules? Mainly because they like the prescriptive approach of traditional grammar rather than the descriptive approach of structural and transformational grammar. . . .Why? Inconsistencies in the style of a newspaper, online news site, magazine or book draw attention to themselves when readers should instead be concentrating on the content. . . .Besides, consistencies save time and money. . . . If we agree on conventions, we can avoid wasting each others time . . ..But the prescriptive rules have to be amended occasionally to reflect not only changes in the language but also research that proves traditional advice may have been inaccurate. The work of linguists is essential for making such calls on the best evidence available.(Brian Brooks, James Pinson, and Jean Gaddy Wilson, Working with Words. Macmillan, 2005)

Setting Boundaries in Counseling Essay - 854 Words

Introduction Boundaries are extremely important in a counseling session. Setting boundaries and limits in therapy sessions represents an ethical decision that is set by each counselor, when entering a therapeutic relationship. In this presentation, I will discuss pertinent boundary issues that the staff has encountered, since working at this agency. Finally, I will describe how these boundaries are addressed and resolved at this site. Significant Boundary Issues at this Practicum Site According to G. Corey, M. Corey, Callanan, (2007) boundary crossings are a departure from regular accepted practices that could benefit the client. A boundary violation is a serious ethical breach that could potentially harm the client (Corey, et el.,†¦show more content†¦This was a dilemma for the soldier, counselor as well as the command. Some counselors allow the soldier to be late for no more than 10 minutes, if the soldier or command called about being late for their appointment. In some cases, this is a boundary crossing that benefited the soldier/client, as long as every soldier is treated the same way. Fortunately, certain boundary issues were addressed during the enrollment process of the soldier to the program. Boundary Issues Addressed and Resolved These boundary issues were addressed in the enrollment process of the soldier in a Rehabilitation Treatment Meeting (RTM) in which family would be included with the soldier, along with his command and/or the soldier’s supervisor. The counselor would first staff the case with their supervisor. Walker Clark (1999) report that the counselor should obtain close supervision to anticipate or head off any possible ethical violation by intervening, when they see signs of boundary problems that may appear. The purpose of the RTM is for the counselor to present recommendations from the result of the assessment, and discuss the rules of ASAP. This includes expectations about showing up for scheduled appointments, cancelling appointments or being late for appointments. The counselor will talk about the ASAP in terms of Recovery from alcohol or drug addiction. The counselor must be aware that street drugs or abuse of prescription drugs are notShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues Raised When Services Are Delivered For Non Office, Off Site Settings Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesNon-Office, Off-Site Settings Anthony M Luciano Tanya M Giglio Mercy College In this paper, we will illustrate the issues that present when providing counseling in a non-office, off-site setting. We will explore two different kinds of counseling that occur in a space that is not a traditional office including in-home counseling and the rise of wilderness programs. 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Halle began the counseling program after the four-week waiting period, and will meet with the counselor weekly for 10Read MoreWhen Mental Health Helps Mental Health: The features of an Effective counselor700 Words   |  3 PagesWhen Mental Health Helps Mental Health: The features of an Effective counselor Introduction It is known that Therapeutic counseling is an important tool for the treatment, prevention and promotion of mental health. The psychotherapeutic method contains variables that influence the progress of the emotional state of an individual. Although the techniques and methods are components of the treatment, yet there still not a robot or machine to execute the interventions, as is found on the medical fieldRead MoreThe Professional Relationship Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesQuestions about professional ethics get stirred up when dual relationships or professional and client boundaries are violated. 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A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial Free Essays

On his thirtieth birthday, Joseph K. is arrested even though he has done nothing wrong. Naturally Joseph K. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial or any similar topic only for you Order Now is angry and annoyed. On the day of his thirty-first birthday, Joseph K. is taken to a nearby quarry by the warders and killed. Joseph K. does nothing to stop them from killing him. The Trial is the story of the intervening year between Joseph K.’s two birthdays. This novel treats many subjects, but this paper will examine only three: the mystery of the bureaucracy in the novel, sexuality during the process, and the economic and social point of view of The Trial. The bureaucracy in The Trial is large, impersonal and frightening. Prior to the beginning of the book Joseph K. is a successful businessman working in a bank apparently on the fast track for advancement and even greater success. After his arrest he and his life decline until his execution. Although Joseph K. â€Å"is accused of crimes he did not commit . . . [he] still feels guilty about these unnamed offenses† (Meyers, 329). This guilt plays an important role throughout the novel. Joseph K. is mentally and emotionally paralyzed by his guilt of having been accused of the unknown crime. As Boa writes, the experience of being arrested has taken Joseph K. out of his comfort zone and he is unable to operate; he doesn’t know what to do. â€Å"What is the nature of the court, what is the law, what should the individual on trial do?† (1). The paralysis Joseph K. suffers appears to be psychological rather than due to a physical threat. The parable told to Joseph K. by the priest provides an accurate description of the state Joseph K. is in. In the parable a man from the country comes to have access to the law however the doorkeeper will not admit the man. The doorkeeper steps aside from the doorway and offers no physical resistance, but the man is paralyzed by what might be done by the institution. â€Å"‘If you are so strongly tempted, try to get in without my permission. But note that I am powerful. And I am only the lowest doorkeeper. From hall to hall, keepers stand at every door, one more powerful than the other . . .'† (Kafka, 267-8). Rather than confront these possibilities the man sits on a stool by the door and waits. This is precisely what Joseph K. does. He tacitly accepts the non-accusation of the court and submits to its jurisdiction. One cannot help but feel that if he were refuse to comply with the court that he would be free to continue living his life. The mystery of the bureaucracy of the court appears to be a psychological threat of the unknown combined with a man’s natural inclination to obey the institutions that govern the locality where he lives. The second area this paper will address is sexuality during the process. During the year of the trial, Joseph K. has a brief flirtation with Fraulein Brustner but she later refuses his advances. It is interesting that â€Å"Brustner† is very close to the German word â€Å"brusten† meaning breast. The desire to dominate a woman has considerable Freudian implications that suggest that Kafka was greatly influenced by his mother, the source of his life and breastfeeding, and not always in a positive manner. During this encounter Joseph K. kisses her â€Å"all over the face, like some animal lapping greedily at a spring of long-sought fresh water† (Kafka, 38). This is an interesting foreshadowing of his execution where he dies â€Å"[l]ike a dog† (Kafka, 286). After kissing her Joseph K. returns home, â€Å"[h]e fell asleep almost at once, but before doing so he thought for a little about his behavior, he was pleased with it, yet surprised that he was not still more pleased† (38). This appears to be an example where a man dominates a woman to get his will without regard to her desire. This strength is uncharacteristic of Joseph K. particularly in regard to the affair he has with Leni, Huld’s nurse. Leni appears to like men who are vulnerable. She has considerable control over her employer who must accept her care because of his heart condition and because she is unaccountable attracted to Joseph K. who is vulnerable because of the accusation against him. From an economic and social point of view The Trial is particularly interesting. The Trial â€Å"moves beyond the household to explore the interlocking of social power and psychic structure in urban society at large† (Boa, 133). Adler suggests that Kafka is writing about â€Å"[t]wo defining factors stand out in this period. Firstly, the conflict between Czech, German and Jewish traditions; and secondly, the struggle between Prague’s history and modernisation [sic]† Kafka appears to have had trouble reconciling these three worlds in his own life and feels he is unable to successfully struggle against the enormous, looming presence of the government and his religious background. It is interesting that Joseph K. actually has considerable impact, although it appears is unaware of it. In fact, the Court even follows his requests and confirms his assumptions. Although K. tells himself what time he should arrive for his first interrogation, this turns out to be the same hour mentioned by the Examining Magistrate. K. decides that he will attend only one interrogation, instead of the series of short interrogations planned by the Court, and the Court complies K. accuses the warders, and the Court promptly punishes them . . . . (Lasine, 34). It is this lack of awareness of the capabilities that Kafka seems to warning the reader about. The Trial is not to be viewed as a plan or even a call to change society, but an examination of authority intended to help people think for themselves about the issues in the book (Boa, 186). The Trial is a haunting frightening book in the same genre as the later books Orwell’s 1984 and Huxley’s Brave New World. However, it is more subtle and thought provoking. Given the multi-leveled layers of bureaucracy both governmental and in business one wonders if The Trial is not more relevant today that when it was written near the beginning of World War I. Given the excess of administrative law with its great power that is not subject to many of the protections of due process, it is easy to empathize with Joseph K. Works Cited Adler, Jeremy. â€Å"What Was Lost? The Czech Jewish Community.† European Judaism. 38, 2 (2005) 70+. Boa, Elizabeth. Kafka: Gender, Class, and Race in the Letters and Fictions. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996. Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1957. Lasine, Stuart. â€Å"Kafka’s Trial.† The Explicator. 42, 3 (1985): 34. Meyers, Jeffrey. â€Å"Swift and Kafka.† Papers on Language Literature. 40, 3 (2004): 329. How to cite A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial, Essay examples

Equity Theory Essay Example

Equity Theory Essay Theory attempts to explain relational satisfaction in terms of perceptions of fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal relationships. Equity theory is considered as one of the justice theories; it was first developed in 1962 by John Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioral psychologist, who asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others (Adams, 1965). The belief is that people value fair treatment which causes them to be motivated to keep the fairness maintained within the relationships of their co-workers and the organization. The structure of equity in the workplace is based on the ratio of inputs to outcomes. Inputs are the contributions made by the employee for the organization; this includes the work done by the employees and the behavior brought by the employee as well as their skills and other useful experiences the employee may contribute for the good of the company. Background Equity theory proposes that individuals who perceive themselves as either under-rewarded or over-rewarded will experience distress, and that this distress leads to efforts to restore equity within the relationship. It focuses on determining whether the distribution of resources is fair to both relational partners. Equity is measured by comparing the ratios of contributions and benefits of each person within the relationship. Partners do not have to receive equal benefits (such as receiving the same amount of love, care, and financial security) or make equal contributions (such as investing the same amount of effort, time, and financial resources), as long as the ratio between these benefits and contributions is similar. Much like other prevalent theories of motivation, such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Equity Theory acknowledges that subtle and variable individual factors affect each person’s assessment and perception of their relationship with their relational partners (Guerrero et al. , 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Equity Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Equity Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Equity Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Adams (1965), anger is induced by underpayment inequity and guilt is induced with overpayment equity (Spector 2008). Payment whether hourly wage or salary, is the main concern and therefore the cause of equity or inequity in most cases. In any position, an employee wants to feel that their contributions and work performance are being rewarded with their pay. If an employee feels underpaid then it will result in the employee feeling hostile towards the organization and perhaps their co-workers, which may result the employee not performing well at work anymore. It is the subtle variables that also play an important role for the feeling of equity. Just the idea of recognition for the job performance and the mere act of thanking the employee will cause a feeling of satisfaction and therefore help the employee feel worthwhile and have more outcomes. Definition of equity An individual will consider that he is treated fairly if he perceives the ratio of his inputs to his outcomes to be equivalent to those around him. Thus, all else being equal, it would be acceptable for a more senior colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his experience (an input) is higher. The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comparisons with themselves to the people they work with. If an employee notices that another person is getting more recognition and rewards for their contributions, even when both have done the same amount and quality of work, it would persuade the employee to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction would result in the employee feeling underappreciated and perhaps worthless. This is in direct contrast with the idea of equity theory, the idea is to have the rewards (outcomes) be directly related with the quality and quantity of the employees contributions (inputs). If both employees were perhaps rewarded the same, it would help the workforce realize that the organization is fair, observant, and appreciative. This can be illustrated by the following equation: (Individual’s outcomes)/(Individual’s own inputs)=(Relational partner’s outcomes)/(Relational partner’s inputs) Inputs and outcomes Inputs: * Time * Effort * Loyalty * Hard Work * Commitment * Ability * Adaptability * Flexibility * Tolerance * Determination * Enthusiasm * Personal sacrifice * Trust in superiors * Support from co-workers and colleagues * Skill Outcomes: Outputs are defined as the positive and negative consequences that an individual perceives a participant has incurred as a consequence of his/her relationship with another. When the ratio of inputs to outcomes is close, than the employee should have much satisfaction with their job. Outputs can be both tangible and intangible (Walster, Traupmann Walster, 1978). Typical outcomes include any of the following: * Job Security * Esteem * Salary * Employee benefit * Expenses * Recognition * Reputation * Responsibility * Sense of achievement * Praise * Thanks * Stimuli Propositions Equity Theory consists of four propositions: 1. Individuals seek to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes are defined as rewards minus costs). 2. Groups can maximize collective rewards by developing accepted systems for equitably apportioning rewards and costs among members. Systems of equity will evolve within groups, and members will attempt to induce other members to accept and adhere to these systems. The only way groups can induce members to equitably behave is by making it more profitable to behave equitably than inequitably. Thus, groups will generally reward members who treat others equitably and generally punish (increase the cost for) members who treat others inequitably. . When individuals find themselves participating in inequitable relationships, they become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more distress individuals feel. According to equity theory, both the person who gets â€Å"too much† and the person who gets â€Å"too little† feel distressed. The person who gets too much may feel guilt or shame. The person who gets too little may feel angry or humiliated. 4. Individuals who perceive that they are in an inequitable relationship attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity, the more distress people feel and the more they try to restore equity. Walster, Traupmann and Walster, 1978) Equity Theory in business Equity Theory has been widely applied to business settings by Industrial Psychologists to describe the relationship between an employee’s motivation and his or her perception of equitable or inequitable treatment. In a business setting, the relevant dyadic relationship is that between employee and employer. As in marriage and other contractual dyadic relationships, Equity Theory assumes that employees seek to maintain an equitable ratio between the inputs they bring to the relationship and the outcomes they receive from it (Adams, 1965). Equity Theory in business, however, introduces the concept of social comparison, whereby employees evaluate their own input/output ratios based on their comparison with the input/outcome ratios of other employees (Carrell and Dittrich, 1978). Inputs in this context include the employee’s time, expertise, qualifications, experience, intangible personal qualities such as drive and ambition, and interpersonal skills. Outcomes include monetary compensation, perquisites (â€Å"perks†), benefits, and flexible work arrangements. Employees who perceive inequity will seek to reduce it, either by distorting inputs and/or outcomes in their own minds (â€Å"cognitive distortion†), directly altering inputs and/or outcomes, or leaving the organization (Carrell and Dittrich, 1978). Thus, the theory has wide-reaching implications for employee morale, efficiency, productivity, and turnover. Implications for managers Equity theory has several implications for business managers: * People measure the totals of their inputs and outcomes. This means a working mother may accept lower monetary compensation in return for more flexible working hours. Different employees ascribe personal values to inputs and outcomes. Thus, two employees of equal experience and qualification performing the same work for the same pay may have quite different perceptions of the fairness of the deal. * Employees are able to adjust for purchasing power and local market conditions. Thus a teacher from Alberta may accept lower compensation tha n his colleague in Toronto if his cost of living is different, while a teacher in a remote African village may accept a totally different pay structure. Although it may be acceptable for more senior staff to receive higher compensation, there are limits to the balance of the scales of equity and employees can find excessive executive pay demotivating. * Staff perceptions of inputs and outcomes of themselves and others may be incorrect, and perceptions need to be managed effectively. * An employee who believes he is over-compensated may increase his effort. However he may also adjust the values that he ascribes to his own personal inputs. It may be that he or she internalizes a sense of superiority and actually decrease his efforts. Written by: Shawn Thomas

Essay on American History 1865 - PresentEssay Writing Service

Essay on American History 1865 - PresentEssay Writing Service Essay on American History 1865 Present Essay on American History 1865 PresentThe period of Reconstruction (1865-1877) can be characterized by considerable changes in political and social life of the country. Blanche K. Bruce’s Speech in the Senate (March 31 1876) highlights the significant role of the state and political rights of all people (Bruce, 1876). The major goals of Radical Reconstruction were not feasible ones. Â  The three major issues to solve by the government were dealing with the states after their joining to the Union; treating southern whites, and dealing with the freed slaves. Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was opposed by Congress (Bowles, 2011). Â  It is hardly possible to transform a society drastically by government action, especially if the Radical Republicans failed to agree with Johnson’s plan and developed their own Reconstruction plan. Actually, the might attempts to do so prove to be counterproductive. The process of reconstruction and its consequences is demonstrated in the documentary Slavery by Another Name directed by Sam Pollard. The film challenges the assumption that slavery in the United States ended with Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. The documentary shows the emergence of absolutely new forms of slavery after the Civil War, including the deceptive forms of forced labor in the South, involving thousands of black people, who were kept in perpetual bondage. The violence of slavery would continue until the WWII (Pollard, 2012).As a matter of fact, a more gradualist approach to extending rights to and establishing freedom for African Americans could have been more successful. However, the costs and dangers of such an approach could have been dramatic. The struggle for freedom has always been a complex task. African Americans would have been more successful in achieving their goals, if they had had enough support and power to protest against slavery and discrimination.

Should You Send the 4 Free ACT Score Reports

Should You Send the 4 Free ACT Score Reports SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There’s no such thing as a free lunch. Or is there? When you register for the ACT, you have the option to send your score reports to four colleges for free. So doesn’t it make sense to send them? Especially since the rest of the college admissions process can be so costly, shouldn’t you save money where you can? Maybe, but it could actually hurt your applications if you're not careful. We will examine this issue in-depth and help you make a smart decision in regard to whether to use the four free ACT score reports or not. Why Students Often Send the Free ACT Reports When you sign up for the ACT, you have the option of choosing four colleges to send your score reports to. The service isfree, so many students take advantage of it. Otherwise, the reports cost $13 per test date per school. (That means if you want to send scores from two different dates to multiple schools, it'll cost $24 per school.) Since most colleges require at least one test score, it can certainly save you money if you send some of the reports for free. Furthermore, some students think that sending the free score reports demonstrates interest in a college,as they're sending their scores in as early as possible. It might also motivate students to study harder since they know their scores are being sent straight to their top-choice schools. Reasons Why Sending the Free ACT Reports Could Be Harmful Even though you can save money on ACT score reports, there are some reasons why sending them without carefully considering the colleges you send them to can be a risky move. It's also important to note thatyou’re not getting any kind of a leg up in the college application process by sending scores early- colleges don’t keep track of or favor students who begin their applications earlier. Here's what Duke says on its admissions website: "'Demonstrated interest,' the amount of contact between an individual and our admissions office, is not a factor in our admissions process." And here's what Stanford says: "Stanford does not consider 'demonstrated interest' (e.g., visiting campus, participating in Summer Session, calling or emailing admissions staff, etc.) in making admission decisions." In other words, what matters in the end is how strong your completed application is- including how high your ACT scores are,which is where the risk comes in. The free score reports are sent automatically after your test is scored, so you can’t take the reports back if you look at your scores and find that they’re lower than you wanted. This means a college you might really want to go to now has your less-than-stellar ACT score and you can’t get it back. You're essentially losingthe option to send only your best ACT scores. Unless you want to intercept the score reports after they've been mailed. In addition, sending your free ACT score reports might not end up actually being that helpful. First, you might not end up applying to all four schools you list, especially if you’re taking the test as a sophomore or in the fall of your junior year. High schoolers tend to change their college lists quite a bit before they actually apply, so the list of your top four schools your junior fall will likely change by your senior year. Also, if you retake the ACT, unless you choose the exact same four schools, you’ll have to resend any new reports if you get a higher score the second time around. True, you’re saving money- and not wasting money even if you send your scores to a school you don’t ultimately apply to- but this just goes to show that the four free ACT score reports are not necessarily a helpful resource if you don't use them carefully.In short, the risk of sending a low ACT score might be higher than the reward(i.e., the money you save on sending fees). Although sending ACT scores is expensive, we'll discuss ways below to mitigate the costs and make the application process more affordable- all while keeping the end goal of getting into your dream school in mind. Sending the 4 Free ACT Score Reports: 2 Options While you don’t need to entirely forego sending your free score reports (though that is an option), you should pick the schools you send your reports to very carefully. We'll discuss the two best options you have for these score reports below. Option 1: Don't Send Any ACT Scores It’s not a bad option to just hold off on sending your four free score reports completely. This is the only way to ensure that a college won't end up with a low ACT score. Furthermore, it can be hard to predict as a sophomore or junior which schools you will apply to. In fact, the only schools you might know for sure you'll be applying to are your dream schools- that is, precisely the ones you don’t want to be sending scores to blind. While you might end up paying more for score reports down the road, this can be amuch smarter choice in the long run, asyou'll only be sending the scores you want to send to the colleges you're actually applying to. Not sending your ACT scores immediately can also make the test itself less stressful.You’re the only one who will see your scores for now. And if you need to retake it, you can. No having to stress about a college seeing your scores immediately! The downside to Option 1 is that ACT, Inc. doesn’t offer any fee waivers for sending scores, so if sending scores is a financial hardship for you, Option 2 might be the better choice. Option 2: Send ACT Scores to Safety Schools If you really want to take advantage of those four free score reports, send them to your safety schools- i.e., the ones you're fairly sure you'll apply to and won’t have trouble getting into.This way, even if your ACT score is lower than expected, you won't hurt your chances of admission. Plus, by sending the scores to schools you're sure you'll apply to, you’ll save money when it comes time to apply. For example, if there's a local public university that you’re positive you will apply to, that should be on your list of schools to send scores to. If possible, avoid sending your four free ACT score reports totop-tier schools.For these, you'll want to see your scores first and then decide whether you're retaking the test. This gives you some time to compare your scores from each time you've taken the ACT,lettingyou ultimately submit your very best scores to your most competitive schools. How to Save Money on ACT Score Reports Unfortunately, unlike the College Board (which administers the SAT), ACT, Inc. doesn't offer any fee waivers for ACT score reports.Whileyou can get a fee waiver for the test itself, there is no way to send score reports for free beyond the four you get with registration. Since ACT, Inc. treats each test date as a separate report, it can cost a lot of money to send all of your test scores to multiple colleges. Not all schools require you to send all your ACT scores, though. If they don't, you can save money by just sending the scores from your best test date. Some colleges that require all ACT scores, such as Stanford and Yale, have policies in place that let you send one set of scores and self-report the rest if sending score reports is a financial burden for you (though for both Stanford and Yale, you'll have toofficially send the rest of your ACT scores if you’re admitted). Other all-scores schools, however, aren't as clear about whether they have similar policies. If you have multiple ACT scores and one set is decidedly better than the others (i.e., it has a higher composite score and higher section scores), consider deleting the lowest score so that you only have one (presumably great) set of scores to send.This won't just make you look better to all-scores schools but will also save you money on score reports since you won't have as many to send. Other Tips for Sending ACT Score Reports Make sure to finalize your college application list by the fall of your senior year, andgive yourself plenty of time to send your scores so you don’t have to pay the $16.50 rush delivery fee. (Not to mention that the earlier you start the college application process, the less stressed you'll be!) Also, don't apply to 20 colleges, or some other crazy high number.All of those application and test-sending fees will add up, and you won't increase your chances of getting in, especially if you're applying to a slew of ultra-competitive schools. Instead,try to keep your list to 10 or fewer- and make sure to have a mix of safety schools, likely schools, and reach schools. Finally, carefully research Score Choiceandall-scores schools. For colleges you’re considering applying to, check whether they require you to send all ACT scores from all test dates, or just the scores you want to send. What's Next? What kind of ACT score should you be aiming for? Use our guide to create a target score based on your top-choice schools. Need to improve your ACT score, ASAP? Get a 10-day plan to go from a 25 to a 32. Want help studying for the ACT? We have the best study guide anywhere. Period. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.