Traditional (School) Grammar Definition and Examples

The term traditional grammar  generally refers to the collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the structure of language that is commonly taught in schools. Traditional English grammar (also known as school grammar) is largely based on the principles of Latin grammar, not on current linguistic research in English. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: CodificationCorrectnessCurrent-Traditional RhetoricEnglish GrammarMake-Believe Grammar, by Gertrude BuckSentence DiagrammingTen Types of GrammarUsageWhat Are the Parts of Speech?What Is the Difference Between Grammar and Usage? Observations We say that traditional grammar is prescriptive because it focuses on the distinction between what some people do with language and what they ought to do with it, according to a pre-established standard. . . . The chief goal of traditional grammar, therefore, is perpetuating a historical model of what supposedly constitutes proper language.(James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Routledge, 2005)[G]rammarians of the 2000s are the inheritors of the distortions and limitations imposed on English by two centuries of a Latinate perspective.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)From Traditional Grammar to Sentence GrammarThe first English grammars were translations of Latin grammars that had been translations of Greek grammars in a tradition that was already some two-thousand years old. Furthermore, from the seventeenth century through the first half of the nineteenth century, there were no substantial changes made in th e form of English grammar books or in the way English grammar was taught. When people talk about traditional grammar, this is the tradition they mean, or ought to mean. . . .Traditional grammar began to be challenged around the middle of the [nineteenth] century, when the second major development in grammar teaching appeared. There is no very good name for this second development but we might call it sentence grammar. Whereas traditional grammar focused primarily on the word (hence its preoccupation with parts of speech), the new grammar of the 1850s focused on the sentence. . . . It began to emphasize the grammatical importance of word order and function words . . . in addition to the few inflexional endings in English.(John Algeo, Linguistics: Where Do We Go From Here? The English Journal, January 1969)George Hillocks on the Negative Effects of Teaching Traditional GrammarThe study of traditional school grammar (i.e., the definition of parts of speech, the parsing of sentences, et c.) has no effect on raising the quality of student writing. Every other focus of instruction examined in this review is stronger. Taught in certain ways, grammar and mechanics instruction has a deleterious effect on student writing. In some studies a heavy emphasis on mechanics and usage (e.g., marking every error) resulted in significant losses in overall quality. School boards, administrators, and teachers who impose the systematic study of traditional school grammar on their students over lengthy periods of time in the name of teaching writing do them a gross disservice that should not be tolerated by anyone concerned with the effective teaching of good writing. We need to learn how to teach standard usage and mechanics after careful analysis and with minimal grammar.(George Hillocks, Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching. National Council of Teachers, 1986)The Persistence of Traditional GrammarWhy do the media cling to traditional grammar and its sometime s outdated rules? Mainly because they like the prescriptive approach of traditional grammar rather than the descriptive approach of structural and transformational grammar. . . .Why? Inconsistencies in the style of a newspaper, online news site, magazine or book draw attention to themselves when readers should instead be concentrating on the content. . . .Besides, consistencies save time and money. . . . If we agree on conventions, we can avoid wasting each others time . . ..But the prescriptive rules have to be amended occasionally to reflect not only changes in the language but also research that proves traditional advice may have been inaccurate. The work of linguists is essential for making such calls on the best evidence available.(Brian Brooks, James Pinson, and Jean Gaddy Wilson, Working with Words. Macmillan, 2005)

Setting Boundaries in Counseling Essay - 854 Words

Introduction Boundaries are extremely important in a counseling session. Setting boundaries and limits in therapy sessions represents an ethical decision that is set by each counselor, when entering a therapeutic relationship. In this presentation, I will discuss pertinent boundary issues that the staff has encountered, since working at this agency. Finally, I will describe how these boundaries are addressed and resolved at this site. Significant Boundary Issues at this Practicum Site According to G. Corey, M. Corey, Callanan, (2007) boundary crossings are a departure from regular accepted practices that could benefit the client. A boundary violation is a serious ethical breach that could potentially harm the client (Corey, et el.,†¦show more content†¦This was a dilemma for the soldier, counselor as well as the command. Some counselors allow the soldier to be late for no more than 10 minutes, if the soldier or command called about being late for their appointment. In some cases, this is a boundary crossing that benefited the soldier/client, as long as every soldier is treated the same way. Fortunately, certain boundary issues were addressed during the enrollment process of the soldier to the program. Boundary Issues Addressed and Resolved These boundary issues were addressed in the enrollment process of the soldier in a Rehabilitation Treatment Meeting (RTM) in which family would be included with the soldier, along with his command and/or the soldier’s supervisor. The counselor would first staff the case with their supervisor. Walker Clark (1999) report that the counselor should obtain close supervision to anticipate or head off any possible ethical violation by intervening, when they see signs of boundary problems that may appear. The purpose of the RTM is for the counselor to present recommendations from the result of the assessment, and discuss the rules of ASAP. This includes expectations about showing up for scheduled appointments, cancelling appointments or being late for appointments. The counselor will talk about the ASAP in terms of Recovery from alcohol or drug addiction. The counselor must be aware that street drugs or abuse of prescription drugs are notShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues Raised When Services Are Delivered For Non Office, Off Site Settings Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesNon-Office, Off-Site Settings Anthony M Luciano Tanya M Giglio Mercy College In this paper, we will illustrate the issues that present when providing counseling in a non-office, off-site setting. We will explore two different kinds of counseling that occur in a space that is not a traditional office including in-home counseling and the rise of wilderness programs. 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A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial Free Essays

On his thirtieth birthday, Joseph K. is arrested even though he has done nothing wrong. Naturally Joseph K. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial or any similar topic only for you Order Now is angry and annoyed. On the day of his thirty-first birthday, Joseph K. is taken to a nearby quarry by the warders and killed. Joseph K. does nothing to stop them from killing him. The Trial is the story of the intervening year between Joseph K.’s two birthdays. This novel treats many subjects, but this paper will examine only three: the mystery of the bureaucracy in the novel, sexuality during the process, and the economic and social point of view of The Trial. The bureaucracy in The Trial is large, impersonal and frightening. Prior to the beginning of the book Joseph K. is a successful businessman working in a bank apparently on the fast track for advancement and even greater success. After his arrest he and his life decline until his execution. Although Joseph K. â€Å"is accused of crimes he did not commit . . . [he] still feels guilty about these unnamed offenses† (Meyers, 329). This guilt plays an important role throughout the novel. Joseph K. is mentally and emotionally paralyzed by his guilt of having been accused of the unknown crime. As Boa writes, the experience of being arrested has taken Joseph K. out of his comfort zone and he is unable to operate; he doesn’t know what to do. â€Å"What is the nature of the court, what is the law, what should the individual on trial do?† (1). The paralysis Joseph K. suffers appears to be psychological rather than due to a physical threat. The parable told to Joseph K. by the priest provides an accurate description of the state Joseph K. is in. In the parable a man from the country comes to have access to the law however the doorkeeper will not admit the man. The doorkeeper steps aside from the doorway and offers no physical resistance, but the man is paralyzed by what might be done by the institution. â€Å"‘If you are so strongly tempted, try to get in without my permission. But note that I am powerful. And I am only the lowest doorkeeper. From hall to hall, keepers stand at every door, one more powerful than the other . . .'† (Kafka, 267-8). Rather than confront these possibilities the man sits on a stool by the door and waits. This is precisely what Joseph K. does. He tacitly accepts the non-accusation of the court and submits to its jurisdiction. One cannot help but feel that if he were refuse to comply with the court that he would be free to continue living his life. The mystery of the bureaucracy of the court appears to be a psychological threat of the unknown combined with a man’s natural inclination to obey the institutions that govern the locality where he lives. The second area this paper will address is sexuality during the process. During the year of the trial, Joseph K. has a brief flirtation with Fraulein Brustner but she later refuses his advances. It is interesting that â€Å"Brustner† is very close to the German word â€Å"brusten† meaning breast. The desire to dominate a woman has considerable Freudian implications that suggest that Kafka was greatly influenced by his mother, the source of his life and breastfeeding, and not always in a positive manner. During this encounter Joseph K. kisses her â€Å"all over the face, like some animal lapping greedily at a spring of long-sought fresh water† (Kafka, 38). This is an interesting foreshadowing of his execution where he dies â€Å"[l]ike a dog† (Kafka, 286). After kissing her Joseph K. returns home, â€Å"[h]e fell asleep almost at once, but before doing so he thought for a little about his behavior, he was pleased with it, yet surprised that he was not still more pleased† (38). This appears to be an example where a man dominates a woman to get his will without regard to her desire. This strength is uncharacteristic of Joseph K. particularly in regard to the affair he has with Leni, Huld’s nurse. Leni appears to like men who are vulnerable. She has considerable control over her employer who must accept her care because of his heart condition and because she is unaccountable attracted to Joseph K. who is vulnerable because of the accusation against him. From an economic and social point of view The Trial is particularly interesting. The Trial â€Å"moves beyond the household to explore the interlocking of social power and psychic structure in urban society at large† (Boa, 133). Adler suggests that Kafka is writing about â€Å"[t]wo defining factors stand out in this period. Firstly, the conflict between Czech, German and Jewish traditions; and secondly, the struggle between Prague’s history and modernisation [sic]† Kafka appears to have had trouble reconciling these three worlds in his own life and feels he is unable to successfully struggle against the enormous, looming presence of the government and his religious background. It is interesting that Joseph K. actually has considerable impact, although it appears is unaware of it. In fact, the Court even follows his requests and confirms his assumptions. Although K. tells himself what time he should arrive for his first interrogation, this turns out to be the same hour mentioned by the Examining Magistrate. K. decides that he will attend only one interrogation, instead of the series of short interrogations planned by the Court, and the Court complies K. accuses the warders, and the Court promptly punishes them . . . . (Lasine, 34). It is this lack of awareness of the capabilities that Kafka seems to warning the reader about. The Trial is not to be viewed as a plan or even a call to change society, but an examination of authority intended to help people think for themselves about the issues in the book (Boa, 186). The Trial is a haunting frightening book in the same genre as the later books Orwell’s 1984 and Huxley’s Brave New World. However, it is more subtle and thought provoking. Given the multi-leveled layers of bureaucracy both governmental and in business one wonders if The Trial is not more relevant today that when it was written near the beginning of World War I. Given the excess of administrative law with its great power that is not subject to many of the protections of due process, it is easy to empathize with Joseph K. Works Cited Adler, Jeremy. â€Å"What Was Lost? The Czech Jewish Community.† European Judaism. 38, 2 (2005) 70+. Boa, Elizabeth. Kafka: Gender, Class, and Race in the Letters and Fictions. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996. Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1957. Lasine, Stuart. â€Å"Kafka’s Trial.† The Explicator. 42, 3 (1985): 34. Meyers, Jeffrey. â€Å"Swift and Kafka.† Papers on Language Literature. 40, 3 (2004): 329. How to cite A Brief Analysis of Kafka’s The Trial, Essay examples